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List of presidents of the Philippines

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Malacañang Palace in Manila is the official residence of the president.[note 1] Built in 1750, it has become a prominent symbol of and metonym for the office.

Under the Constitution of the Philippines, the president of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Pilipinas) is both the head of state and government, and serves as the commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces.[3][4] The president is directly elected by qualified voters to a six-year term and must be "a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election". No elected president can seek re-election. Upon resignation, or removal from the office, the vice president assumes the post. A president's successor who hasn't served for more than four years can still seek a full term for the presidency.[5]

History

[edit]

Emilio Aguinaldo became the inaugural president of the Philippines under the Malolos Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic.[6][note 2] He held that office until 1901 when he was captured by United States forces during the Philippine–American War (1899–1902).[3] The American colonization of the Philippines abolished the First Republic,[11] which led to an American governor-general exercising executive power.[18]

In 1935, the United States, pursuant to its promise of full Philippine sovereignty,[19] established the Commonwealth of the Philippines following the ratification of the 1935 Constitution, which also restored the presidency. The first national presidential election was held,[note 3] and Manuel L. Quezon (1935–44) was elected to a six-year term, with no provision for re-election,[4] as the second Philippine president and the first Commonwealth president.[note 2] In 1940, however, the Constitution was amended to allow re-election but shortened the term to four years.[3] A change in government occurred three years later when the Second Philippine Republic was organized with the enactment of the 1943 Constitution, which Japan imposed after it occupied the Philippines in 1942 during World War II.[22] José P. Laurel acted as puppet president of the new Japanese-sponsored government;[23] his de facto presidency,[24] not legally recognized until the 1960s,[10] overlapped with that of the president of the Commonwealth, which went into exile. The Second Republic was dissolved after Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945; the Commonwealth was restored in the Philippines in the same year with Sergio Osmeña (1944–46) as president.[3]

Manuel Roxas (1946–1948) followed Osmeña when he won the first post-war election in 1946. He became the first president of the independent Philippines when the Commonwealth ended on July 4 of that year. The Third Republic was ushered in and would cover the administrations of the next five presidents, the last of which was Ferdinand Marcos (1965–86),[3] who performed a self-coup by imposing martial law in 1972.[25] The dictatorship of Marcos saw the birth of the New Society (Filipino: Bagong Lipunan) and the Fourth Republic. His tenure lasted until 1986 when he was deposed in the People Power Revolution. The current constitution came into effect in 1987, marking the beginning of the Fifth Republic.[3]

Of the individuals elected as president, three died in office: two of natural causes (Manuel L. Quezon[26] and Manuel Roxas[27]) and one in a plane crash (Ramon Magsaysay, 1953–57[28]). The longest-serving president is Ferdinand Marcos with 20 years and 57 days in office; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. The shortest is Sergio Osmeña, who spent 1 year and 300 days in office.

Two women have held the office: Corazon Aquino (1986–92), who ascended to the presidency upon the successful People Power Revolution of 1986, and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–10), who, as vice president, ascended to the presidency upon Estrada's resignation and was elected to a full six-year term in 2004.

Presidents

[edit]
No. Portrait Name
(Lifespan) 		Party Term Election Vice president Era
1 Emilio Aguinaldo
(1869–1964) 		None January 23, 1899
–
April 19, 1901[a]
(2 years, 86 days) 		1899[b] None[c] First Republic
None[d] –[e] None U.S. Military Government
–[f] U.S. Insular Government
2 Manuel L. Quezon
(1878–1944) 		Nacionalista November 15, 1935
–
August 1, 1944[g]
(8 years, 260 days) 		1935 Sergio Osmeña
(Nacionalista) 		Commonwealth
1941
3 Jose P. Laurel
(1891–1959) 		KALIBAPI October 14, 1943
–
August 17, 1945[h]
(1 year, 307 days) 		1943[i] None[j] Second Republic
4 Sergio Osmeña
(1878–1961) 		Nacionalista August 1, 1944
–
May 28, 1946
(1 year, 300 days) 		1941 Vacant[k] Commonwealth
5 Manuel Roxas
(1892–1948) 		Liberal May 28, 1946
–
April 15, 1948[g]
(1 year, 323 days) 		1946 Elpidio Quirino
(Liberal)
Third Republic
6 Elpidio Quirino
(1890–1956) 		Liberal April 17, 1948
–
December 30, 1953
(5 years, 257 days) 		Vacant[k]
1949 Fernando Lopez
(Liberal)
7 Ramon Magsaysay
(1907–1957) 		Nacionalista December 30, 1953
–
March 17, 1957[g]
(3 years, 77 days) 		1953 Carlos P. Garcia
(Nacionalista)
8 Carlos P. Garcia
(1896–1971) 		Nacionalista March 18, 1957
–
December 30, 1961
(4 years, 287 days) 		None[k]
1957 Diosdado Macapagal
(Liberal)
9 Diosdado Macapagal
(1910–1997) 		Liberal December 30, 1961
–
December 30, 1965
(4 years) 		1961 Emmanuel Pelaez
(Liberal, later Nacionalista)
10 Ferdinand Marcos
(1917–1989) 		Nacionalista
(until 1978) 		December 30, 1965
–
February 25, 1986[l]
(20 years, 57 days) 		1965 Fernando Lopez
(Nacionalista)
1969
Martial Law
None[m]
1973[n]
1977[n]
KBL
(from 1978)
1981 Fourth Republic
Vacant[o]
11 Corazon Aquino
(1933–2009) 		UNIDO
(until 1988) 		February 25, 1986
–
June 30, 1992
(6 years, 126 days) 		1986[p] Salvador Laurel
(UNIDO, later Nacionalista) 		Provisional Government
Fifth Republic
Independent
(from 1988)
12 Fidel V. Ramos
(1928–2022) 		Lakas–NUCD June 30, 1992
–
June 30, 1998
(6 years) 		1992 Joseph Estrada
(NPC, later LAMMP)
13 Joseph Estrada
(born 1937) 		LAMMP June 30, 1998
–
January 20, 2001[q]
(2 years, 204 days) 		1998 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
(Lakas–NUCD)
14 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
(born 1947) 		Lakas–CMD January 20, 2001
–
June 30, 2010
(9 years, 161 days) 		Vacant[r]
Teofisto Guingona Jr.
(Lakas–NUCD, later independent)
2004 Noli de Castro
(independent)
15 Benigno Aquino III
(1960–2021) 		Liberal June 30, 2010
–
June 30, 2016
(6 years) 		2010 Jejomar Binay
(PDP–Laban, later UNA)
16 Rodrigo Duterte
(born 1945) 		PDP–Laban June 30, 2016
–
June 30, 2022
(6 years) 		2016 Leni Robredo
(Liberal)
17 Bongbong Marcos
(born 1957) 		PFP June 30, 2022
–
present
(2 years, 144 days) 		2022 Sara Duterte
(Lakas–CMD/HNP)

Timeline

[edit]
See also: List of presidents of the Philippines by time in office
Bongbong MarcosRodrigo DuterteBenigno Aquino IIIGloria Macapagal ArroyoJoseph EstradaFidel RamosCorazon AquinoFerdinand MarcosDiosdado MacapagalCarlos P. GarciaRamon MagsaysayElpidio QuirinoManuel RoxasSergio OsmeñaJosé P. LaurelManuel L. QuezonEmilio Aguinaldo


Unofficial presidents

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Andrés Bonifacio is considered by some historians to be the first president of the Philippines. He was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Tagalog: Kataastaasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan secret society. Its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the Katipunan went into open revolt in August 1896 (the Cry of Balintawak), Bonifacio transformed it into a revolutionary government with him as president. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Tagalog: Republika ng Katagalugan; Spanish: Republica Tagala). (Although the word Tagalog refers to a specific ethnicity, Bonifacio used it to denote all indigenous people in the Philippines in place of Filipino which had colonial origins.)[30][31][32][33][34]

Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar y Carpio should also be included.[35] Miguel Malvar y Carpio continued Emilio Aguinaldo's leadership of the First Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902. Macario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents". Along with Bonifacio, Malvar and Sakay are not recognized as presidents by the Philippine government.[36][37]

Emilio Aguinaldo is officially recognized as the first president of the Philippines, but this is based on his term of office during the Malolos Republic, later known as the First Philippine Republic. Prior to this Aguinaldo had held the presidency of several revolutionary governments which are not counted in the succession of Philippine republics.

Manuel L. Quezon delegated his presidential duties to José Abad Santos, the then Chief Justice, when the former fled the Philippines amidst Japanese occupation of the islands to establish a government-in-exile. He is believed to have in effect become the acting president of the Philippine Commonwealth though no legal document has been retrieved detailing the official transfer of the title of President to Abad Santos.[38]

List

[edit]
Portrait Name
Lifespan 		Party Term Vice President Government
Took office Left office
Andrés Bonifacio
(1863–1897)
[34][39][40][41] 		None August 24, 1896[s] March 22, 1897[t]
or
May 10, 1897[u] 		None Sovereign Tagalog Nation
Emilio Aguinaldo
(1869–1964) 		None March 22, 1897[v] November 1, 1897[w] Mariano Trias Tejeros revolutionary government
November 2, 1897[x] December 14, 1897[y] Republic of Biak-na-Bato
May 24, 1898 June 23, 1898[z] Dictatorial Government
June 23, 1898[aa][42] January 23, 1899[ab] Revolutionary Government
Francisco Makabulos
(1871–1922) 		None April 17, 1898 May 19, 1898[ac] None Central Executive Committee
Miguel Malvar
(1865–1911)
[43] 		None April 19, 1901[ad] April 16, 1902[ae] None[af] First Republic
Macario Sakay
(1870–1907)
[44][45][46] 		Katipunan
(holdout/revival) 		May 6, 1902[ag] July 14, 1906[ah] Francisco Carreón Tagalog Republic
José Abad Santos
(1886–1942)
[38] 		Independent March 17, 1942 May 2, 1942 None Commonwealth
Jorge B. Vargas
(1890–1980) 		KALIBAPI
Association for Service to the New Philippines 		January 23, 1942 October 14, 1943 None Philippine Executive Commission
Arturo Tolentino
(1910–2004)
[47][48] 		Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
New Society Movement 		July 6, 1986[ai] July 8, 1986 None Fourth Republic

Timeline

[edit]
Arturo TolentinoJorge B. VargasJosé Abad SantosTagalog Republic#Sakay's RepublicMiguel MalvarHistory of the Philippines (1898–1946)#Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governmentsHistory of the Philippines (1898–1946)#Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governmentsCentral Executive Committee (Philippines)Republic of Biak-na-BatoTejeros ConventionAndres Bonifacio


List of presidents by age

[edit]
No. President Born Age at start of presidency Age at end of presidency Post-presidency timespan Lifespan
Died Age
1 Emilio Aguinaldo March 22, 1869 29 years, 10 months, 1 day
January 23, 1899 		32 years, 22 days
March 23, 1901 		62 years, 10 months, 14 days February 6, 1964 94 years
2 Manuel Quezon August 19, 1878 57 years, 2 months, 27 days
February 15, 1935 		65 years, 11 months, 13 days
August 1, 1944 		Died in office August 1, 1944 65 years
3 Jose P. Laurel March 9, 1891 52 years, 7 months, 5 days
October 14, 1943 		54 years, 5 months, 8 days
August 17, 1945 		14 years, 2 months, 20 days November 6, 1959 68 years
4 Sergio Osmeña September 9, 1878 65 years, 10 months, 23 days
August 1, 1944 		67 years, 8 months, 19 days
May 28, 1946 		15 years, 4 months, 21 days October 19, 1961 83 years
5 Manuel Roxas January 1, 1892 54 years, 4 months, 27 days
May 28, 1946 		56 years, 3 months, 14 days
April 15, 1948 		Died in office April 15, 1948 56 years
6 Elpidio Quirino November 16, 1890 57 years, 5 months, 1 day
April 17, 1948 		63 years, 1 month, 14 days
December 30, 1953 		2 years, 1 month, 30 days February 29, 1956 65 years
7 Ramon Magsaysay August 31, 1907 46 years, 3 months, 29 days
December 30, 1953 		49 years old, 6 months, 14 days
March 17, 1957 		Died in office March 17, 1957 49 years
8 Carlos P. Garcia November 4, 1896 60 years, 5 months, 14 days
March 18, 1957 		65 years, 1 months, 26 days
December 30, 1961 		9 years, 5 months, 15 days June 14, 1971 74 years
9 Diosdado Macapagal September 28, 1910 51 years, 3 months, 2 days
December 30, 1961 		55 years, 3 months, 2 days
December 30, 1965 		31 years, 3 months, 22 days April 21, 1997 86 years
10 Ferdinand E. Marcos September 11, 1917 48 years, 3 months, 19 days
December 30, 1965 		68 years, 5 months, 14 days
February 25 1986 		3 years, 7 months, 3 days September 28, 1989 72 years
11 Corazon Aquino January 25, 1933 53 years, 1 month
February 25, 1986 		59 years, 5 months, 5 days
June 30, 1992 		17 years, 1 months, 2 days August 1, 2009 76 years
12 Fidel V. Ramos March 18, 1928 64 years old, 3 months, 12 days
June 30, 1992 		70 years old, 3 months, 12 days
June 30, 1998 		24 years, 1 month, 1 day July 31, 2022 94 years
13 Joseph Estrada April 19, 1937 61 years, 2 months, 11 days
June 30, 1998 		63 years, 9 months, 1 day
January 20, 2001 		(Living) (Living) 87 years, 216 days
14 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo April 5, 1947 53 years, 9 months, 15 days
January 20, 2001 		63 years, 2 months, 25 days
June 30, 2010 		(Living) (Living) 77 years, 230 days
15 Benigno Aquino III February 8, 1960 50 years, 4 months, 22 days
June 30, 2010 		56 years, 4 months, 22 days
June 30, 2016 		4 years, 21 months, 25 days June 24, 2021 61 years
16 Rodrigo Duterte March 28, 1945 71 years, 3 months, 2 days
June 30, 2016 		77 years, 3 months, 2 days
June 30, 2022 		(Living) (Living) 79 years, 238 days
17 Bongbong Marcos September 13, 1957 64 years, 9 months, 3 days
June 30, 2022 		(Incumbent) (Incumbent) (Living) 67 years, 69 days

List of presidents by offices held before presidency

[edit]

Executive branch

[edit]

Vice presidents

[edit]
Vice President President served under Year(s) served Notes
Sergio Osmeña Manuel L. Quezon 1935–1944 Osmeña succeeded Quezon, after the latter's death
Elpidio Quirino Manuel Roxas 1946–1948 Quirino succeeded Roxas, after the latter's death; Ran and won a full term in 1949.
Carlos P. Garcia Ramon Magsaysay 1953–1957 Garcia succeeded Magsaysay, after the latter's death; Ran and won a full term in 1957.
Diosdado Macapagal Carlos P. Garcia 1957–1961 Macapagal defeated Garcia in 1961.
Joseph Estrada Fidel V. Ramos 1992–1998 Estrada ran for a full term in 1998.
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Joseph Estrada 1998–2001 Arroyo succeeded Estrada, after the latter's resignation; Ran and won a full term in 2004

3 other former vice presidents (S. Laurel, Binay, and Robredo) all made failed runs for the presidency.

Cabinet secretaries

[edit]

The following cabinet secretaries are only served for fulltime. Vice Presidents served as cabinet secretary concurrently are not included.

Secretary Office President served under Year(s) served
Elpidio Quirino Secretary of Finance Manuel Quezon 1934– 1936
Secretary of Interior 1935–1938
Manuel Roxas 1941
Ramon Magsaysay Secretary of National Defense Elpidio Quirino 1935–1944
Fidel V. Ramos Corazon Aquino 1988–1991

Other positions

[edit]
Name Office President served under Year(s) served
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry Corazon Aquino 1987–1992

Legislative

[edit]

Senators

[edit]
Senator District Year(s) served Notes
Manuel L. Quezon 5th 1916–1935 First president to serve as Senate President (1916–1935)
Jose P. Laurel 1925–1931 Only former president to serve as senator (1951–1957);.
Only senator served as Majority Floor Leader (1925–1931)
Sergio Osmeña 10th 1922–1935 First president served as President pro tempore (1922–1934)
Manuel Roxas At-large 1945–1946 Second president served as Senate President (1916–1935)
Elpidio Quirino 1st 1925–1935 Second and last president served as President pro tempore (1945–1946)
At-large 1945–1946
Carlos P. Garcia 1945–1953 First President served as Minority Floor Leader (1946–1953)
Ferdinand E. Marcos 1959–1965 Second President served as Minority Floor Leader (1960–1962).
Third and last president served as Senate President (1963–1965)
Joseph Estrada 1987–1992
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 1992–1998
Benigno Aquino III 2007–2010 Did not finish term, won presidency
Bongbong Marcos 2010–2016

Congressman/Representatives/Assemblyman

[edit]
Legislator District Lower House Name Year(s) served Notes
Manuel L. Quezon Tayabas 1st Philippine Assembly 1907–1909 First president to serve as Majority Floor Leader (1907–1909)
Sergio Osmeña Cebu 2nd 1907–1916 First President to serve as Speaker (1907–1916)
House of Representatives 1916–1922
Manuel Roxas Capiz 1st 1922–1935 Second president to serve as Majority Floor Leader;.
Second president to serve as speaker (1922–1934)
National Assembly 1935–1938
Elpidio Quirino Ilocos Sur 1st House of Representatives 1919–1925
Ramon Magsaysay Zambales at-large 1946–1950
Carlos P. Garcia Bohol 3rd 1925–1931
Diosdado Macapagal Pampanga 1st 1949–1957
Ferdinand E. Marcos Ilocos Norte 2nd 1949–1959
Benigno Aquino III Tarlac 2nd 1998–2007 The only president to serve as Deputy Speaker (2004–2006)
Rodrigo Duterte Davao City 1st 1998–2001
Bongbong Marcos Ilocos Norte 2nd 1992–1995; 2007– 2010

Local government

[edit]

Governors

[edit]
Governor Province Year(s) served Notes
Manuel Quezon Tayabas 1906–1907
Sergio Osmeña Cebu 1904–1907
Manuel Roxas Capiz 1919–1922
Carlos P. Garcia Bohol 1933–1941
Bongbong Marcos Ilocos Norte 1983–1986; 1998–2007 Only president formerly served as Vice Governor (1980–1983)

Mayors

[edit]
Mayor City/Municipality Year(s) served Notes
Joseph Estrada San Juan 1969–1986 Only former president served as mayor (2013–2019)
Rodrigo Duterte Davao City 1988–1998; 2001–2010; 2013–2016 Only president served as Vice Mayor (1986–1987; 2010–2013)

Municipal/City Councilors

[edit]
Name Municipality/City Province Year(s) served
Manuel Quezon Lucena Tayabas 1906
Manuel Roxas Capiz Capiz 1917–1919

Judiciary

[edit]
Name Position Year(s) served President Notes
Jose P. Laurel Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 1936–1942 Manuel Quezon Only president served in the Supreme Court
[edit]
Name Office President served under Year(s) served
Manuel Quezon Resident Commissioner of the Philippines None (Under American rule) 1909–1916

Presidents who had not previously held elective office

[edit]

Without previous experience in government, but served in the military

[edit]
Name Year(s) served
Emilio Aguinaldo 1899–1901

Without previous experience in government or in the military

[edit]
Name Year(s) served
Corazon Aquino 1986–1992

List of presidents by military service

[edit]
Name Rank Branch Year(s) served Notes
Emilio Aguinaldo Generalissimo Philippine Revolutionary Army 1896–1901
Manuel Quezon Major Philippine Revolutionary Army 1899–1900
Manuel Roxas Brigadier General Philippine Commonwealth Army 1941–1945
Ramon Magsaysay Captain Philippine Commonwealth Army 1942–1945
Ferdinand E. Marcos 1st Lieutenant USAFFE 1942–1945
Major USAFIP-NL
Fidel V. Ramos General Philippine Constabulary 1950–1988 Only former President served as Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces (1984–1985; 1986–1988), and commander of a service branch (1972–1986).

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The president has three official residences, with the Malacañang Palace Complex as the principal abode and workplace.[1] The others are Mansion House in Baguio, the official summer residence,[2] and Malacañang of the South, the official residence in Davao City.
  2. ^ a b In chronological order, the presidents started with Manuel L. Quezon,[7] who was then succeeded by Sergio Osmeña as the second president,[8] until the recognition of Emilio Aguinaldo[9] and José P. Laurel's[10] presidencies in the 1960s.[subnote 1][subnote 2] With Aguinaldo as the first president and Laurel as the third, Quezon and Osmeña are thus listed as the second and the fourth, respectively.[3][17]
  3. ^ Emilio Aguinaldo, the official first president, was elected by the Malolos Congress and not by popular vote.[20][21]

Subnotes

  1. ^ The Malolos Republic, an independent revolutionary state that is actually the first constitutional republic in Asia,[11][12] remained unrecognized by any country[13][14] until the Philippines acknowledged the government as its predecessor,[15] which it also calls the First Philippine Republic.[11][9][16] Aguinaldo was consequently counted as the country's first president.[6][9]
  2. ^ The Second Republic was later declared by the Supreme Court of the Philippines as a de facto, illegitimate government on September 17, 1945.[10] Its laws were considered null and void;[3][10] despite this, Laurel was included in the official roster of Philippine presidents in the 1960s.[10]

Other notes

  1. ^ Date in which Aguinaldo formally swore allegiance to the United States and published a manifesto to the Philippine people to lay down their weapons after being captured by American forces in Palanan, Isabela in March 23 of the same year.
  2. ^ Elected by the Malolos Congress.
  3. ^ The 1899 Constitution did not provide for a vice president.
  4. ^ Executive authority was held by American military governors from August 14, 1898 until July 1, 1902 and by American governors-general from July 4, 1901 until November 15, 1935.
  5. ^ American military governors were appointed by the president of the United States exercising his powers as commander-in-chief.
  6. ^ American governors-general were appointed by the president of the United States, with advice and consent of the United States Senate.
  7. ^ a b c Died in office.
  8. ^ Japanese-sponsored Second Republic dissolved following the surrender of Japan in World War II.
  9. ^ Elected by the National Assembly.
  10. ^ The 1943 Constitution did not provide for a vice president.
  11. ^ a b c Under the 1935 Constitution, a vacancy in the vice presidency could not be filled.
  12. ^ Removed from office and went into exile following the People Power Revolution.
  13. ^ The 1973 Constitution abolished the vice presidency.
  14. ^ a b Ferdinand Marcos' term as president extended through a referendum.
  15. ^ The 1973 Constitution was amended in 1984 to restore the vice presidency, but an election was not called until 1986.
  16. ^ In the 1986 presidential election, Ferdinand Marcos was declared the winner by the Batasang Pambansa and the Commission on Elections, while Corazon Aquino was declared the winner by the National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections. The fraudulent conduct and disputed result of the election led to the People Power Revolution.
  17. ^ Resigned from office following the Second EDSA Revolution, with the Supreme Court confirming the constitutionality of his resignation on March 2, 2001.[29]
  18. ^ From January 20 until February 7, 2001.
  19. ^ Term began when Bonifacio declared the establishment of the Tagalog Republic.
  20. ^ Term ended after the Tejeros Convention.
  21. ^ Executed for treason by Aguinaldo's government; Bonifacio did not recognize its validity and still acted as president.
  22. ^ Term was established at the Tejeros Convention; Aguinaldo took his oath of office the day after (March 23), but did not fully assume the office until late April 1897.
  23. ^ Term ended with the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
  24. ^ Term began after the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
  25. ^ Term ended when Aguinaldo signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
  26. ^ Term ended when Aguinaldo shifted from dictatorial to revolutionary government.
  27. ^ Term began with the [http://www.pangulo.ph/prexy_efa.php declaration of a revolutionary government replacing the dictatorship.
  28. ^ Term ended with the inauguration of the First Philippine Republic.
  29. ^ Term ended upon the return of Aguinaldo, who established a dictatorship.
  30. ^ Term began when Malvar presumptively assumed the presidency after the declaration of Aguinaldo to the United States.
  31. ^ Term ended when Malvar surrendered in Batangas.
  32. ^ The constitution at this time did not create an office of the vice president.
  33. ^ Term began when Sakay declared the establishment of the Tagalog Republic (in the tradition of Bonifacio instead of Aguinaldo).
  34. ^ Term ended when Sakay surrendered as part of an amnesty; he was executed a year later.
  35. ^ The running-mate of former President Ferdinand Marcos in the February 1986 presidential election. Proclaimed himself as acting president in a coup attempt.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ortiguero, Romsanne (October 22, 2014). "TRAVEL Inside Malacañang Complex, 3 places to visit for a charming date with history". News5. TV5. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
  2. ^ "Mansion House". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "The Executive Branch". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  4. ^ a b PCDSPO 2015, pp. 62–64
  5. ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office 3208.
  6. ^ a b Tucker 2009, p. 8
  7. ^ Quezon, Manuel Luis M. (December 30, 1941). "Second Inaugural Address of President Quezon". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  8. ^ Staff writer(s) (October 19, 1961). "Sergio Osmena, Second President of the Philippines". Toledo Blade. Manila: Block Communications. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  9. ^ a b c Pascual, Federico D. Jr. (September 26, 2010). "Macapagal legacy casts shadow on today's issues". The Philippine Star. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  10. ^ a b c d e Staff writer(s) (October 14, 2015). "Second Philippine Republic". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
  11. ^ a b c Staff writer(s) (September 7, 2012). "The First Philippine Republic". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
  12. ^ "Araw ng Republikang Filipino, 1899" [Philippine Republic Day, 1899]. Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
  13. ^ Tucker 2009, p. 496
  14. ^ Abueva, José V. (February 12, 2013). "Our only republic". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
  15. ^ Macapagal, Diosdado (June 12, 1962). "Address of President Macapagal on Independence Day". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016.
  16. ^ "Proclamation No. 533, s. 2013". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. January 9, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  17. ^ "Philippine Presidents". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  18. ^ Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970, p. 281
  19. ^ "The Commonwealth of the Philippines". Official Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  20. ^ "Emilio Aguinaldo". Presidential Museum and Library. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  21. ^ PCDSPO 2015, p. 203
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Works cited

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