Viola odorata

Viola odorata
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Violaceae
Genus:	Viola
Species:	V. odorata
Binomial name
	Viola odorata; L.

Viola odorata is a species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae native to Eurasia. The small hardy herbaceous perennial is commonly known as wood violet,^[1] sweet violet,^[2] English violet,^[2] common violet,^[2] florist's violet,^[2] or garden violet.^[2]

Description

Viola odorata spreads with stolons (above-ground shoots). The plant reaches 15 centimetres (6 in) in height.^[3] The leaves and flowers are all in a basal rosette, and the leaf stalks have downward-pointing hairs. The leaves are kidney-shaped and reach 6 cm (2+1⁄2 in) long.^[3] The flowers are normally either dark violet or white and are scented.^[1] The style is hooked (and does not end with a rounded appendage). The perennial flowers mature when the plant is at a height of 4–6 in (10–15 cm) and a spread of 8–24 in (20–61 cm).^[1]

Chemistry

The plant contains the alkaloid violin, about 30 cyclotides, and triterpenoids, mostly as constituents of the essential oil.^{[citation needed]}

Distribution and habitat

V. odorata is native to Europe and Asia and has been introduced to the Americas and Australia.^{[citation needed]}

The species can be found near the edges of forests or in clearings; it is also a common "uninvited guest" in shaded lawns or elsewhere in gardens.^{[citation needed]}

Uses

Several cultivars have been selected for garden use, of which V. odorata 'Wellsiana' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.^[4]^[5]

The sweet scent of this flower has proved popular, particularly in the late Victorian period, and has consequently been used in the production of many cosmetic fragrances and perfumes.^[6] There is some doubt as to whether the true extract of the violet flower is still used commercially in perfumes.^[7] It was still used in the early 20th century,^[8] but by the time Steffen Arctander was writing in the late 1950s and early 1960s, production had "almost disappeared".^[6] Violet leaf absolute, however, remains widely used in modern perfumery.^[9]^[10]

The scent of violet flowers is distinctive with only a few other flowers having a remotely similar odor. References to violets and the desirable nature of the fragrance go back to classical sources such as Pliny and Horace when the name "Ion" was in use to describe this flower from which the name of the distinctive chemical constituents of the flower, the ionones, is derived. In 1923, W.A. Poucher wrote that the flowers were widely cultivated both in Europe and the East for their fragrance, with both the flowers and leaves being separately collected and extracted for fragrance, and flowers also collected for use in confectionery galenical syrup^[8] and in the production of medicine.^{[citation needed]}

The leaves and flowers are edible.^[11]^[3] Real violet flower extract is available for culinary uses, especially in European countries.^{[citation needed]} The French are known for their violet syrup, most commonly made from an extract of violets.^{[citation needed]} In the United States, this French violet syrup is used to make violet scones and marshmallows.^{[citation needed]}

The plant contains a cannabinoid peptide called "vodo-C1" that acts in vitro as a selective CB2 receptor agonist without CB1 activity.^[12]

In culture

The violet flower was a favorite in ancient Greece and became the symbol of Athens. The scent suggested sex, so the violet was an emblematic flower of Aphrodite and of her son, Priapus, the deity of gardens and generation.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Iamus was a son of Apollo and the nymph Evadne. He was abandoned by his mother at birth. She left him lying in the Arkadian wilds on a bed of violets where he was fed honey by serpents. Eventually, he was discovered by passing shepherds who named him Iamus after the violet (ion) bed.^{[citation needed]}

The goddess Persephone and her companion Nymphs were gathering rose, crocus, violet, iris, lily, and larkspur blooms in a springtime meadow when she was abducted by the god Hades.^[16]

Gallery

Form, with stolons visible
White V. odorata

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Asakawa, Bruce; Asakawa, Sharon (3 September 2001). California Gardener's Guide. Cool Springs Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-1-930604-47-6. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Viola odorata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Francis-Baker, Tiffany (2021). Concise Foraging Guide. The Wildlife Trusts. London: Bloomsbury. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-4729-8474-6.
^ "Viola odorata 'Wellsiana' (Vt)". Royal Horticural Society. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 107. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
^ ^a ^b Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin by Steffen Arctander, First published 1961, ISBN 0-931710-36-7, ISBN 978-0-931710-36-0
^ "Violet". fragrantica.
^ ^a ^b Poucher, W.A. (1923). Perfumes Cosmetics and Soaps, Vol. 2, Chapter V: Monographs on Flower Perfumes.
^ Curtis & Williams (2009). An Introduction to Perfumery. 2nd Edition. ISBN 978-0-9608752-8-3. ISBN 978-1-870228-24-4.
^ "Essential oils". Bo Jensen.
^ "Edible Flowers Violets".
^ Tomašević, Nataša; Emser, Fabiola Susanna; Muratspahić, Edin; et al. (2024). "Discovery and development of macrocyclic peptide modulators of the cannabinoid 2 receptor". Journal of Biological Chemistry: 107330. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107330. PMC 11154713.
^ Hatfield, Audrey Wynne (1973). A Herb for Every Ill. St. Martin's Press. p. 173.
^ Roberts, Margaret (2000). Edible & Medicinal Flowers. New Africa Books. p. 79.
^ Cumo, Christopher (2013). Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants. ABC-CLIO. p. 1113. ISBN 9781598847758.
^ "Plants and flowers of Greek myth". Theoi Project.

External links

"Viola odorata L." Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
The American Violet Society

[AsakawaAsakawa2001-1] Asakawa, Bruce; Asakawa, Sharon (3 September 2001). California Gardener's Guide. Cool Springs Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-1-930604-47-6. Retrieved 25 November 2011.

[GRIN-2] "Viola odorata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 18 December 2017.

[:0-3] Francis-Baker, Tiffany (2021). Concise Foraging Guide. The Wildlife Trusts. London: Bloomsbury. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-4729-8474-6.

[4] "Viola odorata 'Wellsiana' (Vt)". Royal Horticural Society. Retrieved 1 March 2020.

[5] "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 107. Retrieved 18 February 2019.

[Steffen_Arctander_1961-6] Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin by Steffen Arctander, First published 1961, ISBN 0-931710-36-7, ISBN 978-0-931710-36-0

[7] "Violet". fragrantica.

[ReferenceA-8] Poucher, W.A. (1923). Perfumes Cosmetics and Soaps, Vol. 2, Chapter V: Monographs on Flower Perfumes.

[9] Curtis & Williams (2009). An Introduction to Perfumery. 2nd Edition. ISBN 978-0-9608752-8-3. ISBN 978-1-870228-24-4.

[10] "Essential oils". Bo Jensen.

[11] "Edible Flowers Violets".

[toma-12] Tomašević, Nataša; Emser, Fabiola Susanna; Muratspahić, Edin; et al. (2024). "Discovery and development of macrocyclic peptide modulators of the cannabinoid 2 receptor". Journal of Biological Chemistry: 107330. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107330. PMC 11154713.

[13] Hatfield, Audrey Wynne (1973). A Herb for Every Ill. St. Martin's Press. p. 173.

[14] Roberts, Margaret (2000). Edible & Medicinal Flowers. New Africa Books. p. 79.

[15] Cumo, Christopher (2013). Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants. ABC-CLIO. p. 1113. ISBN 9781598847758.

[16] "Plants and flowers of Greek myth". Theoi Project.

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