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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Whippet (disambiguation).

Whippet
A brindle whippet
Other namesSnap dog (archaic)[1]
OriginUnited Kingdom
Traits
Height Males
47–51 cm (18.5–20 in)[3]
Females
44–47 cm (17.5–18.5 in)
Weight typical
11–18 kg (24–40 lb)[2]
Coat fine, dense, short
Colour
  • FCI: immaterial (not important)
  • UK: any except merle[4]
Litter size 1–10, average 6.1[5]
Kennel club standards
The Kennel Club standard
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

The whippet is a British breed of medium-sized dog, of the sighthound type, related to the larger greyhound and the smaller Italian greyhound. Aside from differences in size, the Whippet closely resembles these two breeds and is sometimes referred to as the "miniature Greyhound" or colloquially as "the poor man's racehorse."[6] The breed is commonly kept as a companion dog, for competitive showing, and for amateur racing. Additionally, Whippet participate in various dog sports, including lure coursing, agility, and flyball.[7] Known for its remarkable speed, the Whippet holds the title for the fastest running speed within its weight and size range, and it is believed to have the fastest idle-to-running acceleration of any dog.[8]

Whippets are characterized by their gentle, affectionate, and calm temperament. While they are typically relaxed and serene at home, they exhibit high energy and excitement when outdoors.[9] As an originally hunting and racing dog, Whippets have a strong prey drive, which may lead them to chase small animals. Therefore, supervision during outdoor activities is recommended.

Whippets have a minimal shedding coat, which is easy to manage due to its short, smooth texture and lack of an undercoat. However, their short coat and low body fat make them particularly sensitive to cold temperatures, and they may require extra protection, such as a dog jacket, in cooler weather. The breed is generally healthy, benefiting from a strong, athletic constitution, and is free from many hereditary issues seen in other breeds.

The name "Whippet" is derived from an early seventeenth-century term, now obsolete, meaning "to move briskly."[10]

The concept of greyhound-type dogs of various sizes—large, medium, and small—has been documented in hunting manuals and natural history works dating back to the Middle Ages. Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York, confirmed in his early 15th-century translation of (and additions-to) an original, late 14th-century French Livre de chasse the advantages of maintaining the ‘great’, the ‘middle’, and the ‘small size of greyhound’ for different sorts of game.[11] The English physician and academic John Caius refers in his 16th century De Canibus Britannicus to lesser as well as greater sorts of Leporarius, Grehounde (greyhound)[12] and notably to a type which has been connected to the whippet, the tumbler, a lesser sort of mungrell greyhounde and excellent warren dog for catching rabbits,[13] also recorded by the early 19th-century Scottish curator and editor Thomas Brown.[14]

In the Victorian era, English writers began to describe an emerging modern breed of Whippet, also known as the snap-dog. This breed was primarily bred for catching rabbits, coursing competitions, straight-racing, and the growing trend of show fancy.[15][16][17]

History

[edit]
a painting of pair of small greyhound-like dogs
Misse and Turlu, Two small Greyhounds Belonging to Louis XV, by Jean-Baptiste Oudry
Charles Compton, 7th Earl of Northampton by Batoni, 1758, featuring a dog that appears to be an early form of Whippet.

Whippets, like all sighthounds, were bred to hunt using their sight-driven prey instinct, coursing game in open areas at very high speeds. There are numerous representations of smallish, sighthound-like hunting dogs in Ancient Egyptian artworks dating back thousands of years, possibly portraying ancient forms of greyhound, basenji, Pharaoh hound or saluki.[18] In medieval England, a small greyhound-type breed became popular for use as a ratting dog (terrier); the first written English use of the word whippet (with regards to a type of dog) was in 1610.[19] Whippets were commonly known as "snap dogs" for their tendency to readily "snap up" nearby prey, due to their naturally high prey-drive. In a painting by Jean-Baptiste Oudry (1686–1755) of two dogs named ‘Misse’ and ‘Turlu’, presented to Louis XV of France, the dogs painted were either whippets or another small, smooth-coated sighthound, but likely were an early form of the whippet.[20] Oudry had also completed a second painting of Misse with a different, non-sighthound breed of dog. There is a 1758 painting by Pompeo Batoni, Portrait of Charles Compton, 7th Earl of Northampton, which features a similar, whippet-like dog.[20]

In the 19th century, whippet racing was a popular sport in parts of England.[6][20] The breed was held in high regard in the northern parts of England, as well as in Wales, but was generally disregarded in the rest of the country.[20] At the time, there were two varieties of whippet; one type had a smoother coat and was more popular in Lancashire, Yorkshire, and the Midlands, later becoming the modern whippet.[20] The second form had a rougher coat as a result of crossbreeding with Bedlington terriers. This type was more popular in Durham and Northumberland, and was frequently referred-to as a "rabbit dog".[20] Early specimens were taken from the race track by dog fanciers of the time, and later exported around the world. John Taylor said that "In all the shapes and forms of dogges; of all which there are but two sorts that are useful to man's profits, which two are the mastiffe and the little curre, whippet, or house-dogge; all the rest are for pleasure and recreation."[21]

The age of the modern whippet seemingly dawned in 1891 when The Kennel Club granted the breed its official recognition, thus making whippets eligible for competition and judging in dog shows, as well as commencing the recording of their pedigrees.[22] In the United States, the whippet was recognised three years prior, in 1888, by the American Kennel Club (AKC).[22] Whippets arrived in the United States (via mill operators) from England, with the first populations being established in Massachusetts.[23] The whippet is the 55th most popular breed, according to ranking by the AKC.[24]

In 1964, Ch. Courtenay Fleetfoot of Pennyworth won best in show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.[25] In 1992, Pencloe Dutch Gold won best in show at Crufts;[26] a whippet known as Cobyco Call the Tune won in 2004[27] and, in 2018, the award was achieved by Ch. Collooney Tartan Tease.[28] In 2011, GCh. Starline's Chanel, a female whippet, was chosen as the Hound group Show Dog of the Year by the Westminster Kennel Club.[29]

Racing

[edit]
A tan dog wearing a blue jacket emblazoned with the number two. The dog is running, with all four legs fully extended and off the ground.
Full extension
A black and white dog wearing a red jacket emblazoned with the number one. The dog is running, with all four legs tucked under its body and off the ground.
Full contraction
The two suspensions of the double suspension gallop, as demonstrated by racing Greyhounds

Dog racing was originally an extension of hare coursing.[30] Whippets began to be bred to race in the mid-nineteenth century.[6][20] The first form of the sport was a rudimentary form of coursing known as 'ragging', and dogs who participated were said to be 'trained to the rag'.[20] Dogs were kept on a leash by a person known as a slip, who was frequently also the race judge.[20] The slip would release the dogs from their collars at the same time, and they would race towards their owners, who were standing at the opposite end of the track waving towels.[20][30]

Whippet rags were a popular Sunday event in the north and Midlands at the time.[20] There were also international events; in Australia, at a track known as Gurney's Paddock, there were races of more than 300 whippets every Saturday, and three nights a week at the White City track.[30] Eventually, the sport evolved and dogs were divided into four groups: those who hunted rabbits, which was not governed by rules; those who coursed hare, for which a set of rules was established; those trained to the rag; and those trained to chase a mechanical lure in a fashion similar to Greyhound races.[20] Few of the Whippets in any of the four groups were purebred, as maintaining a purebred bloodline was not considered as important as breeding dogs that could win races.[20] Many racing dogs were part-terrier, part-Greyhound, or part-Lurcher.[20]

In 1967, the British Whippet Racing Association was established to bring around reform and consistency in race rules and procedures for races involving non-purebred Whippets.[20] A year later, viewing the non-purebred dogs as a threat, the Whippet Club Racing Association was established exclusively for purebred animals.[20]

Description

[edit]

Appearance

[edit]

The Whippet is a medium-sized dog with a sleek, aerodynamic body typical of sighthounds, adapted for speed and agility. It has a deep chest for efficient lung capacity, long, slender legs, and a narrow, muscular build characteristic of breeds developed for running. The ideal height for bitches is 44 to 47 cm (17.5 to 18.5 in), and for dogs 47 to 51 cm (18.5 to 20 in).[31][32] The standards of the American Kennel Club and Canadian Kennel Club allow for larger animals, with an upper limit of 55 cm (21.5 in) for bitches and 57 cm (22.5 in) for dogs.[23][33] Because colour is considered immaterial in judging Whippets, they come in a wide variety of colours and marking patterns, ranging from solid black to solid white, with red, fawn, brindle, blue, or cream.[31] In 2019, The Kennel Club announced it would no longer accept registrations for merle Whippets, as it is not a naturally occurring colour in the breed.[34][35]

The coat is short, smooth, and close-fitting, contributing to the breed's streamlined appearance. Due to their short coat and low body fat, Whippets are not well-insulated against cold temperatures. While they are well-suited for indoor living due to their minimal grooming needs and low shedding,[36] they may require additional protection, such as a coat or sweater, when exposed to cold weather.[37]

Brindle and white whippet puppy

Whippets are known as the fastest dogs of their weight class, capable of achieving speeds of up to 56 km/h (35 mph),[23] due to their ability to run in a double suspension gallop.[38] This distinctive gait results in all four of the dog's legs being off the ground twice in each stride—once when the legs are fully extended and again when they are tucked under the body, allowing for maximum speed and efficiency in their running.[38]

Temperament

[edit]

Whippets are quiet and reserved but also exhibit a playful side, and require regular exercise.[23] They are generally gentle dogs and are often content to spend much of the day resting.[23] The AKC describes them as "quiet and dignified in their owner's living room"[23] and says they make "excellent house dogs."[23] Despite their calm nature indoors, Whippets enjoy outdoor activities and benefit from regular exercise to maintain their physical and mental health. They have been called a "poor man's racehorse" by the colliers in Lancashire and Yorkshire.[6][39]

The Whippet will form a strong bond and devotion to its owner and, as such, can often suffer from separation anxiety, like many other breeds when left alone.[40] Though not prone to excessive barking, Whippets will occasionally vocalize in the presence of intruders, making them passable watchdogs, similar to other small-medium dogs. However, a Whippet is unlikely to attack or guard against anyone due to their gentle and often shy demeanor, preferring to retreat rather than confront danger.[41] While their gentle demeanor makes them a good choice for households with children or other pets, it is important to note that Whippets possess a highly developed prey drive. This instinct, though manageable with proper training and socialization, can make them prone to chasing small animals, such as cats, rabbits, or squirrels, especially in uncontrolled environments.[42] Owners should take care during walks or when allowing them off-leash in unenclosed areas.[43]

Health

[edit]
a Whippet dog with extreme large muscles
A 'bully whippet'

The Whippet is a generally healthy breed, with a robust constitution. Having been bred for coursing, working, and racing for many years, it has maintained a structurally sound build. This long history of selective breeding has helped it avoid many of the physical exaggerations that often lead to health issues in other breeds. As a result, the Whippet is typically free from the common hereditary conditions found in more exaggerated dog types, making it a relatively low-maintenance breed in terms of health.[44]

The Whippet, like other sighthounds, is intolerant of barbiturate anaesthetics. This is partly due to its low body fat concentration, which affects its ability to metabolize these anaesthetics. Additionally, the Whippet’s liver is not well-equipped to process barbiturates, making it more susceptible to adverse reactions during anaesthesia.[45]

A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.4 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.[46] They are generally healthy, and are not prone to the frequent ear infections, skin allergies, or digestive problems that can afflict other breeds. Genetic eye defects, though quite rare, have been noted in the breed. Because of this, the American Whippet Club recommends that breeders test for this defect in their breeding stock.[47] Hip dysplasia is rare in Whippets, with only 1.2% of 161 evaluations performed by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals being determined as dysplasic.[48]

The Whippet's heart is notably large and slow-beating, often exhibiting arrhythmic or even intermittent patterns when the dog is at rest. This trait can occasionally alarm owners or veterinarians unfamiliar with the breed. During exercise, however, the Whippet's heart demonstrates a regular and efficient rhythm, supporting its exceptional athletic abilities. A health survey conducted by The Kennel Club revealed that cardiac issues are the second leading cause of mortality in the breed, highlighting the importance of regular veterinary check-ups to monitor heart health.[49]

A 2007 study identified a myostatin mutation specific to the Whippet that is strongly associated with its athletic performance.[50] Whippets with a single copy of this mutation are generally unaffected, while those with two copies develop disproportionately large musculature and are referred to as "Bully Whippets". Despite their unusual appearance, bully Whippets experience no significant health issues beyond those typical of the breed, although they may be slightly more prone to muscle cramping.[51] Interestingly, this mutation has not been observed in Greyhounds, other sighthound breeds, or heavily muscled dogs such as Bullmastiffs, Bulldogs, Rottweilers or American Staffordshire Terriers.[51]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whippet.
  1. ^ "Whippet History: Behind the Small Racing Breed". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  2. ^ "Whippet Dog Breed Information". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  3. ^ "Whippet | Breed Standards | The Kennel Club". www.thekennelclub.org.uk. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  4. ^ Beckett-Bradshaw, A., 2019 The merle color pattern in the whippet. Sighthound Review (10) 1 Spring p108
  5. ^ Borge, K. S.; Tønnessen, R.; Nødtvedt, A.; Indrebø, A. (2011). "Litter size at birth in purebred dogs—A retrospective study of 224 breeds". Theriogenology. 75 (5): 911–919. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.10.034. PMID 21196028.
  6. ^ a b c d Coile, Caroline (1998). Whippets: A complete pet owner's manual. Hauppauge, N.Y: Barron's. p. 8. ISBN 0-7641-0312-1. OCLC 38016572. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  7. ^ "Whippet Activities". National Whippet Club of Canada. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  8. ^ D. Caroline Coile (1998)."Whippets: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Behavior, Training, and Exercising". p. 51. Barron's Educational Series
  9. ^ Divina, Arlene (29 September 2023). "Whippet Temperament: What's a Whippet's Personality Like?". iHeartDogs.com. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  10. ^ "whippet facts, information". Encyclopedia.com.
  11. ^ Baillie-Grohman, W. A. (1909). The master of game: the oldest English book on hunting. London.
  12. ^ Caius, J., Of Englishe dogges, the diversities, the names, the natures and the properties. A short treatise written in Latine and newly drawne into Englishe by Abraham Fleming. Translation; Fleming A., 1880 London ed., pp. 9-10
  13. ^ Caius, J., Of Englishe dogges, the diversities, the names, the natures and the properties. A short treatise written in Latine and newly drawne into Englishe by Abraham Fleming. Translation; Fleming A., 1880 London ed., pp. 11-12
  14. ^ Brown, T., 1829 Biographical sketches and authentic anecdotes of dogs, 1829, pp. 416-17.
  15. ^ Dalziel, H., 1879 [ British dogs; their varieties, history, characteristics, breeding, management and exhibition, London, pp. 45-8.
  16. ^ Shaw, V., 1881, The illustrated book of the dog, London, pp. 255-58.
  17. ^ "The Snap Dog – The History of the Whippet". Canine Chronicle. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  18. ^ Coile, Caroline (1998). Whippets: A complete pet owner's manual. Hauppauge, N.Y: Barron's. p. 6. ISBN 0-7641-0312-1. OCLC 38016572. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  19. ^ "Whippet". Merriam-Webster. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Walsh, E.G.; Lowe, Mary (2004). The English Whippet. Coch-Y-Bonddu Books. ISBN 1-904784-03-8. OCLC 650188132. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  21. ^ "The Whippet: Something About the Animal and in Racing Abilities". The Montreal Gazette. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The Montreal Gazette. 25 October 1904. p. 12. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  22. ^ a b Coile, Caroline (1998). Whippets: A complete pet owner's manual. Hauppauge, N.Y: Barron's. p. 9. ISBN 0-7641-0312-1. OCLC 38016572. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g "American Kennel Club - Get To Know The Whippet". AKC: Meet The Breeds. American Kennel Club. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  24. ^ "Whippet Dog Breed Information".
  25. ^ Fletcher. Walter R. (11 February 1996). "All Those Dogs, All Those Tales". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  26. ^ Coile, D. Caroline; Earl-Bridges, Michele (26 May 2000). Whippets: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Behavior, Training, and Exercising. Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educational Series. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-7641-0312-4. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  27. ^ "Crufts 2004 Results". The Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  28. ^ Bentley, David (11 March 2018). "Crufts 2018 Live Results - all the winners including Best in Show as they are announced". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  29. ^ "Dogs of Esteem". Dog World. 97 (6). BowTie Inc: 20. June 2012.
  30. ^ a b c Rule, Andrew (14 November 1980). "The wiry whippet". Weekender. Melbourne. The Age. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  31. ^ a b "Fédération Cynologique Internationale - Whippet". Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
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  33. ^ "Canadian Kennel Club - Whippet" (PDF). Canadian Kennel Club. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  34. ^ "Merle coloured Whippets". www.thekennelclub.org.uk. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  35. ^ "Whippet Colors | American Whippet Club". americanwhippetclub.net. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  36. ^ Hitchcock, Kristin (30 July 2024). "How Much Does a Whippet Shed? Facts & Grooming Tips". Dogster. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  37. ^ Camposano, Ejay (23 November 2023). "Are Whippets Safe in Cold Weather?". iHeartDogs.com. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  38. ^ a b Dogs 101: Whippet. Animal Planet. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  39. ^ The Complete Dog Book. Howell Book House. 1997. p. 216. ISBN 0-87605-464-5. OCLC 1725429. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  40. ^ Jamie. "Can Whippets Be Left Alone?". Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  41. ^ "Is A Whippet A Guard Dog? Will He Protect? - WhippetCentral". whippetcentral.com. 13 July 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  42. ^ "Whippets 101: Lesson 2: "It's How You Raise Them!"". Mckaden Whippets. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  43. ^ "Ten things you need to know about the whippet before you buy one". Pets4Homes. 21 March 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  44. ^ Ewing, Patty (2010). "Whippet Health". www.whippet-health.co.uk. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  45. ^ "Saluki Anesthesia". Saluki Club of America. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  46. ^ McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (1 February 2024). "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484.
  47. ^ "Whippet Health | American Whippet Club". americanwhippetclub.net. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  48. ^ "Trends in Hip Dysplasia (selected breeds)". Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  49. ^ "Summary results of the Purebred Dog Health Survey for Whippets" (PDF). The Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  50. ^ Mosher, Dana S; Quignon, Pascale; Bustamante, Carlos D; Sutter, Nathan B; Mellersh, Cathryn S; Parker, Heidi G; Ostrander, Elaine A (25 May 2007). "A Mutation in the Myostatin Gene Increases Muscle Mass and Enhances Racing Performance in Heterozygote Dogs". PLOS Genetics. 3 (5): e79. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030079. PMC 1877876. PMID 17530926.
  51. ^ a b Coile, Caroline (June 2008). "Breeder's Notebook: The Double-Muscle Phenomenon". Dog World. BowTie Inc: 24–25.
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