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Billabong

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Billabong (disambiguation).

A billabong along Scrubby Creek at Berrinba Wetlands, Queensland, 2014
Billabong, Northern Territory

In Australian English, a billabong (/ˈbɪləbɒŋ/ BIL-ə-bong) is a small body of water, usually permanent. It is usually an oxbow lake caused by a change in course of a river or creek, but other types of small lakes, ponds or waterholes are also called billabongs. The term is likely borrowed from Wiradjuri, an Aboriginal Australian language of New South Wales.

Etymology

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The word billabong is most likely derived from the Wiradjuri language of southern New South Wales, which "describes a pond or pool of water that is left behind when a river alters course or after floodwaters recede".[1] According to the Macquarie Dictionary (2005), the original term bilabaŋ means "a watercourse that runs only after rain", with bila meaning "river",[2] and possibly combined with bong or bung, meaning "dead".[3][4] The attribution of this last part of the word was contested in 2004 by Frederick Ludowyk of the Australian National Dictionary Centre, whose view was that that "-bong" or "-bang" was a suffix "signifying a continuation in time or space". Ludowyk writes that bong meaning "dead" is not a Wiradjuri word, but may have been picked up or assumed from the word "bung", which was originally a Yagara word used in the pidgin widely spoken across Australia.[5]

The word is first recorded in Australian English in 1836, referring to the Bell River in south-eastern New South Wales, when explorer Thomas Mitchell records the Aboriginal name of the river as "Billibang". It is first recorded in its later, more general sense, by J. Allen in 1853: "This station is situated about half-a-mile inland, over a 'billy-bong' (the native name for a small creek or backwater)". It is not recorded in the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (prepared 1882–1888), published before the later contributions of the Australian academic Edward Ellis Morris. It appears in Morris's Austral English: A Dictionary of Australasian Words (1898).[5]

A 2004 thesis suggests that the term could be of Scottish Gaelic origin, derived from words for "lip" or "mouth" and "river".[6]

Definitions and descriptions

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Definitions vary. A billabong is often defined as an oxbow lake, an isolated crescentic pond left behind after a river loop is cut off when the river channel changes course.[7]

Merriam-Webster defines the word as: "1. (a) a blind channel leading out from a river; (b) a usually dry streambed that is filled seasonally", or 2. "a backwater forming a stagnant pool"[8] The Cambridge Dictionary describes it as "In Australia, a low area of ground that was part of a river in the past and that only fills up with water from the river during a flood".[9]

In a 2009 study, billabongs of the Channel Country (a region of outback Australia whose name derives from the numerous intertwined rivulets that cross it) are alternatively termed waterholes, and described as "enlarged channel segments along the main course of the river... typically occur[ring] at the confluence of two smaller channels".[10]

Queensland's Department of Environment, Science and Innovation, in its Queensland Waterhole Classification Scheme, describes waterholes as "referred to by a range of different names (i.e. billabongs, lagoons and waterbodies)".[11]

Another source describes a billabong as "a large body of water", which may be formed from a section of cut-off river, but may also be formed from water left behind after a large flood.[12]

Billabongs are usually formed when the path of a creek or river changes due to bank erosion, leaving the former channel deprived of further inflow and becoming a dead-end gully holding only residual water that has not yet drained or evaporated. As a result of the arid climate of many parts of Australia, these "dead rivers" often fill with water seasonally but can be dry for a greater part of the year.[13]

Significance

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To people

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Many billabongs are of cultural significance and social importance to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and used as sources of fresh water as well as other resources. Water is an intrinsic part of Country, and essential resource during drought or dry seasons, and they have many intricate ways of understanding how to find water.[1]

The Ngan'gi peoples in the Daly River region of the Northern Territory continue to manage the billabongs' ecology in their Country.[1]

Water-holding frogs living in the billabongs can take up a lot of water before it burrows into the earth in the dry season, and Aboriginal peoples in desert environments can locate the frogs underground by various means.[1]

In the days since the colonisation of Australia, these were important landmarks for European settlers to identify, and many billabongs were given names relating to the local areas.[citation needed]

A billabong retains water longer than the original watercourse and may be the only accessible water in a large area.[14]

Ecological significance

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Billabongs are significant because they do not have outflow and can hold water longer than sections of rivers especially during drier season, thus serving important ecological functions as waterholes and habitats for freshwater animal and plant species, including the water-holding frog. Many of these species' life cycles are related to the changes in seasons.[1]

Dangers to the ecological balance of billabongs include saltwater intrusion and introduced species. Feral animals have caused salt water to flow into Arafura Swamp, a large freshwater basin in the Top End in the Northern Territory,[1] in which there are many permanent billabongs.[15]

Examples

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In the arts

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Once a jolly swagman camped by a billabong,
Under the shade of a coolibah tree,
And he sang as he watched and waited till his billy boiled,
Who'll come a'waltzing Matilda with me

Banjo Paterson's popular song "Waltzing Matilda" is set beside a billabong.[14]

Mary Grant Bruce wrote a series of books, known as The Billabong Series, depicting the adventures of the Linton family, who live at Billabong station from around 1911[16] until the late 1920s.[17][18]

Both Aboriginal Australians and European artists use billabongs as subject matter in painting. For example, Aboriginal painter Tjyllyungoo (Lance Chad) has a watercolour entitled Trees at a billabong.[19]

American avant-garde filmmaker Will Hindle produced a short film titled Billabong in 1969.[citation needed]

In commerce

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Billabong is the name of an Australian brand of sportswear for surf, skateboard, and snowboard.[20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Billabongs". Indigenous Knowledge Institute. University of Melbourne. 28 May 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  2. ^ "billabong". The Macquarie Dictionary. South Yarra: The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd., 2005. Credo Reference. Web. 19 January 2012.
  3. ^ A. P. Elkin (June 1967). "Review of Australian English: An Historical Study of the Vocabulary, 1788-1898 by W. S. Ramson". Oceania. 37 (4). Oceania Publications, University of Sydney: 318–319. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1967.tb00924.x. JSTOR 40329620.
  4. ^ "billabong". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
  5. ^ a b Ludowyk, Frederick (October 2004). "Aussie Words: Of Billy, Bong, Bung, & 'Billybong'" (PDF). Ozwords. 11 (2). Australian National Dictionary Centre: 7 – via Australian National University. Also here
  6. ^ Skilton, St J. (June 2004). The Survey of Scottish Gaelic in Australia and New Zealand (PDF) (Thesis). Université de Fribourg. p. 300. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2018. 'Bill' = 'bile' = 'lip or mouth' and 'abong' is from 'abhainn' = 'river' with a parasitic 'G' added. A billabong probably has a mouth shape of sorts being at a bend in a river.
  7. ^ "Rivers Continuing in Time". Burarra Gathering. Wurdeja, Ji-malawa and Yilan Aboriginal Communities. 21 June 2006. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  8. ^ "Definition of BILLABONG". Merriam-Webster. 8 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  9. ^ "billabong". Cambridge Dictionary. 7 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  10. ^ a b Larsen, Joshua; Nanson, Gerald; Jones, Brian (20 November 2009). "Billabongs (waterholes), unique geomorphology and hydrology in action in arid Australia". Vignette Collection. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  11. ^ "Queensland Waterhole Classification Scheme". Queensland Government. Department of Environment, Science and Innovation. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  12. ^ a b c d Ward, Cameron (29 April 2020). "What is a Billabong?". Kakadu Tours. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  13. ^ USGS [Annotated Definitions of Selected Geomorphic Terms and Related Terms of Hydrology, Sedimentology, Soil Science, and Ecology], USGS Open File Report 2008-1217.
  14. ^ a b Clarke, Roger (12 October 2004). "Roger Clarke's Australianisms in 'Waltzing Matilda'". Roger Clarke's Home-Page. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  15. ^ a b "Biological inventory of the Arafura swamp and catchment". Darwin: Northern Territory Government. hdl:10070/856657. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  16. ^ Bruce, Mary Grant. A Little Bushmaid.
  17. ^ Bruce, Mary Grant. Billabong Adventurers.
  18. ^ Pierce, Peter (2009). The Cambridge history of Australian literature. Cambridge, England; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88165-4.
  19. ^ "Trees at a billabong". National Museum Australia. 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  20. ^ "Lifestyle & Technical Surf Clothing and Swimwear Brand". Billabong. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
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